HaCKeRz Kr0nlcKLeZ 1/HaCKeRz Kr0nlcKLeZ.iso/anarchy/essays/schoolsucks/monk.txt

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Title: Militant Monks
        The Knights Templar, a military order of monks answerable only to the Pope
himself, were founded in 1118. Their primary responsibility, at least
initially, was to provide protection to Christians making pilgrimages to the
Holy Land. They rose in power, both religious and secular, to become one of
the richest and most powerful entities in Christendom. By the time of their
disbandment in 1307, this highly secretive organization controlled vast
wealth, a fleet of merchant ships, and castles and estates spanning the
entire Mediterranean area.
        When the crusaders captured Jerusalem from the Muslims in 1099, the Church
encouraged all faithful Christians to visit that holy city in order to
affirm their faith. The area, however, was still subject to sporadic attacks
from various non-Christian factions. A small group of knights, led by Hugh
de Payens, vowed to protect the pilgrims. The group was granted
quasi-official status by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, who allowed them
quarters in a wing of the royal palace near the Temple of Solomon. It is
from this initial posting that the order derived its name. They took the
standard vows of poverty, chastity and obedience and were bound to the rules
of the Augustinian order. [Upton-Ward 1]
        The order languished in near-anonimity for several years, despite generous
contributions from various European personages. In 1126, Count Hugh of
Champagne, having donated his estates to Bernard of Clairvaux for use in
building a monestary for the Cistercian order, arrived in Jerusalem to join
the Templars. This action indirectly obligated Bernard to support the newly
chosen advocacy of his benefactor. He wrote to the count, "If, for God's
work, you have changed yourself from count to knight and from rich to poor,
I congratulate you." [Howarth 49]
        In the year 1126, King Baldwin found two reasons for wanting official
recognition of the order. First, he had, perhaps prematurely, bestowed upon
Hugh de Payens the title of Master of the Temple. Second, the king had the
opportunity to launch an attack on the city of Damascus, but he needed more
knights. Papal recognition would allow open recruiting in Europe for the
order. King Baldwin sent a letter to Bernard of Clairvaux, the order's
primary patron, later known as Saint Bernard, asking him to petition the
Pope for official recognition of the order. [Howarth 50-51]     The King's
letter was hand-carried to Bernard by two loyal and trusted knights, Andrew
de Montbard, maternally related to Bernard, and Gondemare. Upon their
arrival at Clairvaux, the two knights presented Bernard with Baldwin's
letter, which came right to the point. [Upton-Ward 3] "The brothers Templar,
whom God has raised up for the defence of our province and to whom he has
accorded special protection, desire to receive apostolic approval and also
their own Rule of life ... Since we know well the weight of your
intercession with God and also with His Vicar and with the other princes of
Europe, we give into your care this two-fold mission, whose success will be
very welcome to us. Let the constitution of the Templars be such as is
suitable for men who live in the clash and tumult of war, and yet of a kind
which will be acceptable to the Christian princes, of whom they have been
the valuable auxiliaries. So far as in you lies and if God pleases, strive
to bring this matter to a speedy and successful issue." [qtd. in Howarth 50-51]
        Bernard realized at once the genius of the proposal to combine religious
and military endeavors. Through such organizations, the borders of
Christendom could be extended and fortified. He immediately granted his
approval of the plan and pledged his full support. He petitioned Pope
Honorius II for a special council to consider the matter, and he notified
Hugh of his actions. [Howarth 51]
        The Council of Troyes convened on January 13, 1128, a bitterly cold Saint
Hilary's Day, for the primary purpose of considering the request of the
Knights Templar. Despite the delays of written communications, Hugh de
Payens, accompanied by several brother knights, arrived from the Holy Land
in time to attend the meetings of the Council. [Howarth 51]
        William of Tyre wrote an account of the events: "Nine years after the
founding of this order, the knights were still in secular garb. They wore
such garments as the people, for salvation of their souls, bestowed upon
them. During this ninth year, a council was held at Troyes in France. There
were present the archbishops of Rheims and Sens, with their suffragans; the
bishop of Albano, the Pope's legate; the abbotts of Citeaux, Clairvaux,
Potigny; and many others. At this council, by order of Pope Honorious and of
Stephen, patriarch of Jerusalem, a rule was drawn up for this order and a
habit of white assigned them." [qtd. in Burman/Templars 27]
        Although referred to in William's account by the generic title Abbott of
Clairvaux, Bernard, in actuality controlled the proceedings of the council.
There was little doubt Bernard's request would be met with approval; he was
well known for his successes in reforming monastic life. He was held in the
utmost respect by religious and lay leaders alike; in many circles he was
referred to as the second pope. In fact, many of the popes were supplied by
the mendicant orders. [Robinson 66-67]
        At a time when monks were more highly regarded than priests, and considered
closer to God because of their ascetic life-styles, Benard said, "The people
cannot look up to the priests, because the people are better than priests."
[Robinson 67]
        Bernard's offer to personally assist in the formulation of the Rules of the
order was gratefully accepted by all. Bernard based his Rule of the Templars
on that of his own Cistercian order, which was itself based on the older
Benedictine Rule. [Robinson 67]
        The Rule of the Templars was a strict and complex system of 686 written
laws, meant to cover every possible aspect of daily life. As an example,
Rule 25, On Bowls and Drinking Vessels, states: Because of the shortage of
bowls, the brothers will eat in pairs, so that one may study the other more
closely, and so that neither austerity nor secret abstinence is introduced
into the communal meal. And it seems just to us that each brother should
have the same ration of wine in his cup. [qtd. in Upton-Ward 26]
        In 1139, Pope Innocent II issued a Bull, titled Omne Datum Optimum,
declaring that the Knights Templar were under the direct and sole control of
the Pope. This freed the Knights to operate throughout Christendom and the
Levant unencumbered by local ecclesiastical and secular rulers. This
unprecedented autonomy was due, in no small part, to the personal petitions
of the new Grand Master, Robert the Burgundian. While Hugh had been an
excellent warrior, Robert was an ideal administrator who understood
politics. [Howarth 80]
        The Order was authorized to have chaplain brothers, who were authorized to
hear the confessions of their fellow brothers, and thereby absolve them of
their sins. There were, however, five specific crimes for which granting of
absolution was reserved by the Pope. These were: "the killing of a Christian
man or woman,; violently attacking another brother; attacking a member of
another order or a priest; renouncing holy orders in order to be received as
a brother; and entering the order by simony." [Upton-Ward 5]
        It was also during the mastership of Robert that the Rules were translated
from Latin into French. Church documents were normally in Latin only, but
since most of the Knights were soldiers rather than educated clerics, they
were unable to read Latin. In 1147, the Knights were authorized to wear a
red cross upon their white mantles, despite rule 18, which forbade any
decorations on their clothing. [Upton-Ward 12]
        As the Knights Templar gained political and economic strength, they found
themselves involved in many aspects of secular life. They established the
first truly international banking service; travelers not wanting to travel
with large sums could deposit their monies at any Temple and collect a like
amount at their destination. [Burman/Templars 85] The Templars were the
primary bankers for the Holy See. Since the order was a papal creation which
was administered directly by the Pope himself, their significance as papal
bankers is understandable. Less obvious is the Templars' function as royal
bankers for several of Europe's royal houses. The two greatest Temples
outside the Levant were located in Paris and London. These two Temples
offered a full range of financial services to the royal houses, including
collecting taxes, controlling debts and administering pension funds.
[Burman/Templars 87-88] The treasury of the King of France was kept safely
within the vault of the Temple of Paris. [Sinclair 36]
        The Templars owned a great fleet of merchant ships with which to convey all
manner of goods, e.g., pepper and cotton, as well as pilgrims, between
Europe and the Holy Land. People wanting to make a pilgrimage to the Holy
Land, but lacking the resources to do so, were allowed to assign rights to
their houses and property, upon their death, to the Templars in exchange for
passage on a Templar ship. To avoid accusations of usury, this procedure was
legitimized by the papal bull Quantum Praedecessores, issued by Pope
Eugenius II in 1145. [Burman/Templars 75-78]
        The Holy Land was divided into four Crusader States: Jerusalem, Antioch,
Tripoli and Edessa. Shifting alliances, complicated by the plotting of
independent Arab emirates, posed a complicated and often confusing backdrop
for the Knights' military operations. Their first action was in the northern
sector of the Principality of Antioch. They captured the March of Amanus,
which formed a natural barrier between the city of Amanus and Asia Minor.
[Burman/Templars 50]
        The Knights Templar frequently fought side-by-side with their counter-
parts, the Knights Hospitaller, another military order, founded to provide
shelter to sick, wounded or destitute pilgrims. Together, these two warrior
orders afforded the Holy Land a formidable fighting force. Although some
histories allude to a deep and bitter rivalry between the two, it is more
likely that they cooperated well during the battles, keeping any such
pettiness for the monotonous weeks between actions. [Upton-Ward 6-7]
        The first military action of the Templars was in the northern sector of the
Holy Land. In 1131, they captured the March of Amanus in Antioch. It was a
natural barrier between the city and Asia Minor, which afforded control of
two roads into Antioch. The same year, King Fulk, BaldwinÆs successor,
travelled to the site and granted ownership to the Templars.
[Burman/Templars 52]
        Control of the various areas of the Holy Land see-sawed back and forth
between the Crusaders and the Arabs, with neither side enjoying a decisive
victory. Then the balance of power began to change with the rise of the
great Arab leader Salah-ad-Din Yusuf ibn-Aiyub, known to westerners as
Saladin. Descended from a long line of military heroes, he was born in 1138
in Baalbek, Syria, where his father was military governor. He began to
develop his warrior skills by accompanying his father and uncles on various
campaigns. [Burman/Templars 98]
        Saladin's rise to power was rapid and successful. His adherance to the
orthodox Sunni faith caused him to initiate dramatic changes in his Shi-ite
army. Upon his ultimate rise to the position of Sultan, he declared a
'jihad', or holy war, against the Crusaders. This intense re-focusing of the
Moslem effort began a gradual shift in power. Christian strongholds fell in
increasing numbers, creating a domino effect. By the middle of 1187, Saladin
had captured Acre, Nablus, Jaffa, Toron, Sidon, Beirut and Ascalon.
Jerusalem fell on 2 October, 1187. [Burman/Templars 108]
        The fall of Jerusalem was a disaster from which the Crusades never
recovered. Among Saladin's prisoners were the King of Jerusalem and Raynald
de Chatillon, commander of the fortress at Moab. After entertaining the two
in his tent, Saladin had Raynald killed. The King saw his fellow prisoner
executed and thought he was surely next, but Saladin had him brought back i
nto his tent and told him, "It is not the habit of kings to kill kings."
Saladin's victory was complete. [Payne 223-4]
        In the disarray that followed, the orders began to disperse. The
Hospitallers removed their headquarters, first to Rhodes and then to Malta;
and, with the ultimate fall of Acre in 1291, the Templars lost their base of
operations and relocated to Cyprus. In effect, the orders had lost their
original reason for existence. [Upton-Ward 9]
        As the Knights had their policital patrons, so had their enemies. In 1305,
Philip IV of France, known as Philip the Fair, seized control of the Holy
See and relocated the papacy to Avignon. From there, he initiated a series
of papal decrees, ostensibly issues by Pope Clement V, a puppet pope under
his absolute control. Eyeing the vast fortunes and resources of the
Templars, he conceived a plot of treachery against them. Since he also
controlled the Inquisition in France, he had no difficulty leveling a whole
laundry list of horrible, but adsurd and largely unsupportable, crimes
against the Knights. [Burman/Inquisition 95]
        The role of the Inquisition, under the auspices of Chief Inquisitor
Guillaume of Paris, was to obtain confessions and conduct trials. On Friday
the 13th of September, 1307, the warrant was issued for the arrest of the
Knights and seizure of their property. Many of the Temples were 'tipped off'
by the local sheriffs about the impending sweep, but Grand Master Jacques de
Molay and his associates were arrested in their bed clothes. The
interrogations, aimed at soliciting evidence of any wrongdoing with which to
prove the allegations against the order, dragged on for years. Ultimately,
the Grand Master, along with other high-ranking Templars, were executed by
burning in March, 1314, on an island in the Seine. [Howarth 17]
        The years between the arrest of Templars and the order's final dissolution
afforded plenty of time for knights on the lam to become absorbed by the
underground. Knights in England were never pursued, due largely to a rift
between the King and the Church, and many were thought to have participated
in the war between Scotland and England, on the side of Robert the Bruce.
[Robinson 150-51]
        The vast fleet of Templar merchant ships was never found. There is no
record of the 18 Templar ships which had been based at La Rochelle on the
French coast, nor any of the various Templar ships normally anchored in the
Thames or other English seaports. There is some speculation that the Barbary
Pirates, who gained worldwide noteriety by plundering European shipping well
into the 19th century, were founded by seagoing Templars with revenge on
their minds. Many of the order's ships were galleys, which were particularly
suited for piracy. [Robinson 165]
        One of the more mysterious tenets of the Freemasons can be found in the
initiation of a Master Mason. The initiate is told his degree "will make you
a brother to pirates and corsairs." [Robinson 165-66]
        In 1813, a merchant ship, captained by a Freemason, was captured and
boarded by pirates. In desperation, the captain rendered the Grand Hailing
Sign of Distress of a Master Mason. The pirate captain apparently recognized
the secret sign and allowed the merchant ship to proceed unharmed. [Robinson
166]
        The destruction of the Knights Templar by Philip the Fair was due to what
he saw as wealth, arrogance, greed and secrecy on the part of the order.
Even Philip's lawyer admitted "perhaps not all of them had sinned." It took
more than suspicion of guilt to bring about the downfall of such a powerful
entity as the Knights Templar. The final blow, however, was probably
three-fold: a general unpopularity of the order among the European
aristocracy, due in part to jealousy; a chronic shortage in the French
treasury, despite heavy taxation; and Master de Molay's refusal to consider
a merger of the Templars with the Hospitallers, as suggested by the Pope.
The fact remains, however, that no evidence of heresy was ever found.
[Burman/Templars 180]
        An order founded by nine knights in Jerusalem came to amass great wealth
and power, which speaks well of their integrity and discretion. They became
the "shock troops" of the Holy See. When they lost their original mission of
protecting pilgrims upon the fall of Jerusalem, their downfall became
inevitable. [Sinclair 37]

Works Cited:
Burman, Edward. The Inquisition. New York: Dorset, 1984.
--. The Templars. Rochester, VT: Destiny, 1986.½
Howarth, Stephen. The Knights Templar. New York: Dorset, 1982.
Payne, Robert. The History of Islam. New York: Dorset, 1987.
Robinson, John J. Born in Blood. New York: Evans, 1989.
Sinclair, Andrew. The Sword and the Grail. New York: Crown, 1992.
Upton-Ward, J. M. The Rule of the Templars. Suffolk: Boydell, 1992.